accepting circumcision and other aspects of practice of torah (the Jewish law) (5:3; 6:12). Paul thinks that if the Galatian gentile Christians take on torah practice, this means a return to a slavery to the elements of the world from which Jesus has freed them, as expressed in 1:4. More radically than this (and here we enter a very highly charged scholarly field), Paul sees Christ’s self-giving as for “our” sins, to rescue “us,” ostensibly including himself and fellow Jews. Similarly, in 4:3 Paul